{"id":257,"date":"2021-05-24T14:16:26","date_gmt":"2021-05-24T17:16:26","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/enciclopediacatolica.com.br\/?p=257"},"modified":"2022-02-21T13:21:11","modified_gmt":"2022-02-21T16:21:11","slug":"idade-media","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/enciclopediacatolica.com.br\/?p=257","title":{"rendered":"Idade M\u00e9dia"},"content":{"rendered":"\n<p>Um termo comumente usado para designar aquele per\u00edodo da hist\u00f3ria <a href=\"http:\/\/www.newadvent.org\/cathen\/05607b.htm\">europ\u00e9ia<\/a> entre a queda do Imp\u00e9rio Romano e meados do s\u00e9culo XV.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>As <a href=\"http:\/\/www.newadvent.org\/cathen\/04636c.htm\">datas<\/a> precisas do in\u00edcio, culmina\u00e7\u00e3o e final da Idade M\u00e9dia s\u00e3o mais ou menos arbitrariamente assumidas de acordo com o ponto de vista adotado. O per\u00edodo \u00e9 usualmente considerado como aberto com as migra\u00e7\u00f5es das tribos germ\u00e2nicas que levaram \u00e0 destrui\u00e7\u00e3o do Imp\u00e9rio Romano no Ocidente em 375, quando os hunos ca\u00edram diante das tribos dos g\u00f3ticos ao norte do mar Negro e for\u00e7aram os <a href=\"http:\/\/www.newadvent.org\/cathen\/15476b.htm\">visigodos<\/a> para al\u00e9m das fronteiras do Imp\u00e9rio Romano no baixo Dan\u00fabio. Uma <a href=\"http:\/\/www.newadvent.org\/cathen\/04636c.htm\">data<\/a> posterior, contudo, \u00e9 \u00e0s vezes assumida, a saber, quando Odoacro dep\u00f4s <a href=\"http:\/\/www.newadvent.org\/cathen\/13179c.htm\">R\u00f4mulo Augusto<\/a>, o \u00faltimo dos imperadores romanos do ocidente, em 476. Outros, ainda, come\u00e7am a Idade M\u00e9dia com os primeiros anos do s\u00e9culo VII e a morte (609) de <a href=\"http:\/\/www.newadvent.org\/cathen\/06149a.htm\">Ven\u00e2ncio Fortunato<\/a>, o \u00faltimo representante da <a href=\"http:\/\/www.newadvent.org\/cathen\/09032a.htm\">liteartura latina<\/a> cl\u00e1ssica. O encerramento da Idade M\u00e9dia tamb\u00e9m \u00e9 variavelmente fixado; alguns o fazem coincidir com o surgimento do <a href=\"http:\/\/www.newadvent.org\/cathen\/07538b.htm\">humanismo<\/a> e da <a href=\"http:\/\/www.newadvent.org\/cathen\/12765b.htm\">Renascen\u00e7a<\/a> na <a href=\"http:\/\/www.newadvent.org\/cathen\/08208a.htm\">It\u00e1lia<\/a>, no s\u00e9culo XIV; com a queda de Constantinopla, em 1453; com a descoberta da Am\u00e9rica por <a href=\"http:\/\/www.newadvent.org\/cathen\/04140a.htm\">Colombo<\/a> em 1492; ou, ainda, com o <a href=\"http:\/\/www.newadvent.org\/cathen\/12700b.htm\">grande cisma religioso<\/a> do s\u00e9culo XVI. Qualquer linha divis\u00f3ria precipitadamente tra\u00e7ada para designar tanto o come\u00e7o como o final deste per\u00edodo em quest\u00e3o \u00e9 arbitr\u00e1ria. Os limites mais distantes fornecidos, a saber, a irrup\u00e7\u00e3o dos <a href=\"http:\/\/www.newadvent.org\/cathen\/15476b.htm\">visigodos<\/a> sobre as fronteiras do Imp\u00e9rio Romano, para o in\u00edcio, e meados do s\u00e9culo XVI, para o fechamento, podem ser tomadas como suficientemente inclusivas e abra\u00e7am, para al\u00e9m das disputas, cada movimento ou fase da hist\u00f3ria que pode ser apontada como pertencente \u00e0 Idade M\u00e9dia.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>Uma grande parte d\u2019 A ENCICLOP\u00c9DIA CAT\u00d3LICA \u00e9 dedicada aos movimentos <a href=\"http:\/\/www.newadvent.org\/cathen\/03744a.htm\">eclesi\u00e1sticos<\/a>, <a href=\"http:\/\/www.newadvent.org\/cathen\/08066a.htm\">intelectuais<\/a>, sociais, pol\u00edticos e <a href=\"http:\/\/www.newadvent.org\/cathen\/03710a.htm\">art\u00edsticos<\/a>, que produziram a hist\u00f3ria <a href=\"http:\/\/www.newadvent.org\/cathen\/05607b.htm\">Europ\u00e9ia<\/a> durante este per\u00edodo t\u00e3o f\u00e9rtil das atividades <a href=\"http:\/\/www.newadvent.org\/cathen\/09580c.htm\">humanas<\/a>, sejam elas sacras ou profanas.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>Sob t\u00edtulos que cobrem as divis\u00f5es pol\u00edticas da <a href=\"http:\/\/www.newadvent.org\/cathen\/05607b.htm\">Europa<\/a>, do passado e do presente (p.ex., <a href=\"http:\/\/www.newadvent.org\/cathen\/01341c.htm\">ALS\u00c1CIA-LORENA<\/a>; <a href=\"http:\/\/www.newadvent.org\/cathen\/01513e.htm\">ANHALT<\/a>; <a href=\"http:\/\/www.newadvent.org\/cathen\/02121b.htm\">MONARQUIA AUSTRO-H\u00daNGARA<\/a>; <a href=\"http:\/\/www.newadvent.org\/cathen\/02194a.htm\">BADEN<\/a>; <a href=\"http:\/\/www.newadvent.org\/cathen\/02353c.htm\">BAV\u00c1RIA<\/a>; <a href=\"http:\/\/www.newadvent.org\/cathen\/02395a.htm\">B\u00c9LGICA<\/a>; <a href=\"http:\/\/www.newadvent.org\/cathen\/02612b.htm\">BO\u00caMIA<\/a>; <a href=\"http:\/\/www.newadvent.org\/cathen\/02756a.htm\">BREMEN<\/a>; <a href=\"http:\/\/www.newadvent.org\/cathen\/03046a.htm\">BULG\u00c1RIA<\/a>; <a href=\"http:\/\/www.newadvent.org\/cathen\/03410b.htm\">CASTELA E ARAG\u00c3O<\/a>; <a href=\"http:\/\/www.newadvent.org\/cathen\/04510a.htm\">CRO\u00c1CIA<\/a>; <a href=\"http:\/\/www.newadvent.org\/cathen\/04722c.htm\">DINAMARCA<\/a>; <a href=\"http:\/\/www.newadvent.org\/cathen\/05431b.htm\">INGLATERRA<\/a>; <a href=\"http:\/\/www.newadvent.org\/cathen\/06166a.htm\">FRAN\u00c7A<\/a>; <a href=\"http:\/\/www.newadvent.org\/cathen\/06484b.htm\">ALEMANHA<\/a>; <a href=\"http:\/\/www.newadvent.org\/cathen\/06735a.htm\">GR\u00c9CIA<\/a>; <a href=\"http:\/\/www.newadvent.org\/cathen\/07121b.htm\">HAMBURGO<\/a>; <a href=\"http:\/\/www.newadvent.org\/cathen\/07298c.htm\">HESSEN<\/a>; <a href=\"http:\/\/www.newadvent.org\/cathen\/07547a.htm\">HUNGRIA<\/a>; <a href=\"http:\/\/www.newadvent.org\/cathen\/08098b.htm\">IRLANDA<\/a>; <a href=\"http:\/\/www.newadvent.org\/cathen\/08208a.htm\">IT\u00c1LIA<\/a>; <a href=\"http:\/\/www.newadvent.org\/cathen\/08606a.htm\">CAR\u00cdNTIA<\/a>; <a href=\"http:\/\/www.newadvent.org\/cathen\/08696a.htm\">KRAIN<\/a>; <a href=\"http:\/\/www.newadvent.org\/cathen\/09177a.htm\">LE\u00c3O<\/a>; <a href=\"http:\/\/www.newadvent.org\/cathen\/09276a.htm\">LIPPE<\/a>; <a href=\"http:\/\/www.newadvent.org\/cathen\/09401a.htm\">LUBECA<\/a>; <a href=\"http:\/\/www.newadvent.org\/cathen\/09465a.htm\">LUXEMBURGO<\/a>; <a href=\"http:\/\/www.newadvent.org\/cathen\/10107a.htm\">MECKLENBURGO<\/a>; <a href=\"http:\/\/www.newadvent.org\/cathen\/10447a.htm\">M\u00d4NACO<\/a>; <a href=\"http:\/\/www.newadvent.org\/cathen\/10529c.htm\">MONTENEGRO<\/a>; <a href=\"http:\/\/www.newadvent.org\/cathen\/10721a.htm\">NAVARRA<\/a>; <a href=\"http:\/\/www.newadvent.org\/cathen\/10759a.htm\">HOLANDA<\/a>; <a href=\"http:\/\/www.newadvent.org\/cathen\/11117b.htm\">NORUEGA<\/a>; <a href=\"http:\/\/www.newadvent.org\/cathen\/11237b.htm\">OLDENBURGO<\/a>; <a href=\"http:\/\/www.newadvent.org\/cathen\/14257a.htm\">ESTADOS PONTIF\u00cdCIOS<\/a>; <a href=\"http:\/\/www.newadvent.org\/cathen\/12297a.htm\">PORTUGAL<\/a>; <a href=\"http:\/\/www.newadvent.org\/cathen\/12799b.htm\">REUSS<\/a>; <a href=\"http:\/\/www.newadvent.org\/cathen\/13164a.htm\">ROMA<\/a>; <a href=\"http:\/\/www.newadvent.org\/cathen\/13224b.htm\">RUM\u00c2NIA<\/a>; <a href=\"http:\/\/www.newadvent.org\/cathen\/13231c.htm\">R\u00daSSIA<\/a>; <a href=\"http:\/\/www.newadvent.org\/cathen\/13493b.htm\">SAXE-ALTENBURGO<\/a>; <a href=\"http:\/\/www.newadvent.org\/cathen\/13494a.htm\">SAXE-COBURGO E GOTA<\/a>; <a href=\"http:\/\/www.newadvent.org\/cathen\/13495a.htm\">SAXE-MEININGEN<\/a>; <a href=\"http:\/\/www.newadvent.org\/cathen\/13495b.htm\">SAXE-WEIMAR<\/a>; <a href=\"http:\/\/www.newadvent.org\/cathen\/13497b.htm\">SAX\u00d4NIA<\/a>; <a href=\"http:\/\/www.newadvent.org\/cathen\/13523c.htm\">SCHAUMBURGO-LIPPE<\/a>; <a href=\"http:\/\/www.newadvent.org\/cathen\/13594a.htm\">SCHWARZBURGO<\/a>; <a href=\"http:\/\/www.newadvent.org\/cathen\/13613a.htm\">ESC\u00d3CIA<\/a>; <a href=\"http:\/\/www.newadvent.org\/cathen\/13732a.htm\">S\u00c9RVIA<\/a>; <a href=\"http:\/\/www.newadvent.org\/cathen\/13772a.htm\">SIC\u00cdLIA<\/a>; <a href=\"http:\/\/www.newadvent.org\/cathen\/14169b.htm\">ESPANHA<\/a>; <a href=\"http:\/\/www.newadvent.org\/cathen\/14347a.htm\">SU\u00c9CIA<\/a>; <a href=\"http:\/\/www.newadvent.org\/cathen\/14358a.htm\">SU\u00cd\u00c7A<\/a>; <a href=\"http:\/\/www.newadvent.org\/cathen\/15333a.htm\">VENEZA<\/a>; <a href=\"http:\/\/www.newadvent.org\/cathen\/15527a.htm\">WALDECK<\/a>; <a href=\"http:\/\/www.newadvent.org\/cathen\/15532a.htm\">GALES<\/a>; <a href=\"http:\/\/www.newadvent.org\/cathen\/15716b.htm\">W\u00dcRTEMBERG<\/a>), s\u00e3o dados em detalhes os respectivos desenvolvimentos pol\u00edticos e religiosos atrav\u00e9s da Idade M\u00e9dia.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>Sob artigos de um escopo mais amplo (p.ex. <a href=\"http:\/\/www.newadvent.org\/cathen\/05607b.htm\">EUROPA<\/a>; <a href=\"http:\/\/www.newadvent.org\/cathen\/03699b.htm\">CRISTANDADE<\/a>; <a href=\"http:\/\/www.newadvent.org\/cathen\/12260a.htm\">PAPA<\/a>) se encontram tratados mais gerais e sint\u00e9ticos. Aspectos particulares e movimentos peculiares a diferentes por\u00e7\u00f5es deles s\u00e3o encontrados em artigos como <a href=\"http:\/\/www.newadvent.org\/cathen\/03691a.htm\">CAVALHEIRISMO<\/a>; <a href=\"http:\/\/www.newadvent.org\/cathen\/04543c.htm\">CRUZADAS<\/a>; <a href=\"http:\/\/www.newadvent.org\/cathen\/05248a.htm\">ARTE SACRA<\/a>; <a href=\"http:\/\/www.newadvent.org\/cathen\/06058c.htm\">FEUDALISMO<\/a>; <a href=\"http:\/\/www.newadvent.org\/cathen\/06665b.htm\">ARQUITETURA G\u00d3TICA<\/a>; <a href=\"http:\/\/www.newadvent.org\/cathen\/08026a.htm\">INQUISI\u00c7\u00c3O<\/a>; <a href=\"http:\/\/www.newadvent.org\/cathen\/08084c.htm\">CONFLITO DE INVESTIDURAS<\/a>; <a href=\"http:\/\/www.newadvent.org\/cathen\/08775a.htm\">POSSE DE TERRA NA ERA CRIST\u00c3<\/a>; <a href=\"http:\/\/www.newadvent.org\/cathen\/10459a.htm\">MONASTICISMO<\/a>; <a href=\"http:\/\/www.newadvent.org\/cathen\/10648a.htm\">M\u00daSICA SACRA<\/a>; <a href=\"http:\/\/www.newadvent.org\/cathen\/11395a.htm\">PINTURA<\/a>; <a href=\"http:\/\/www.newadvent.org\/cathen\/12085a.htm\">PEREGRINA\u00c7\u00d5ES<\/a>; <a href=\"http:\/\/www.newadvent.org\/cathen\/13641b.htm\">ESCULTURAS<\/a>; nos artigos sobre as grandes ordens <a href=\"http:\/\/www.newadvent.org\/cathen\/12748b.htm\">religiosas<\/a>, congrega\u00e7\u00f5es e institui\u00e7\u00f5es que vieram a <a href=\"http:\/\/www.newadvent.org\/cathen\/05543b.htm\">existir<\/a> a partir de ent\u00e3o; nas biografias dos <a href=\"http:\/\/www.newadvent.org\/cathen\/12260a.htm\">papas<\/a>, l\u00edderes, personagens hist\u00f3ricas, estudiosos, <a href=\"http:\/\/www.newadvent.org\/cathen\/12025c.htm\">fil\u00f3sofos<\/a>, poetas e <a href=\"http:\/\/www.newadvent.org\/cathen\/13598b.htm\">cientistas<\/a> cujas vidas aconteceram dentro deste per\u00edodo; nos relatos das <a href=\"http:\/\/www.newadvent.org\/cathen\/15188a.htm\">universidades<\/a>, cidades e <a href=\"http:\/\/www.newadvent.org\/cathen\/05001a.htm\">dioceses<\/a> que foram fundadas e desenvolvidas por toda a <a href=\"http:\/\/www.newadvent.org\/cathen\/05607b.htm\">Europa<\/a> desde a queda do Imp\u00e9rio Romano at\u00e9 o <a href=\"http:\/\/www.newadvent.org\/cathen\/14726a.htm\">tempo<\/a> da <a href=\"http:\/\/www.newadvent.org\/cathen\/12700b.htm\">Reforma<\/a>, e em in\u00fameros artigos menores distribu\u00eddos pela obra.<\/p>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"<p>Um termo comumente usado para designar aquele per\u00edodo da hist\u00f3ria europ\u00e9ia entre a queda do Imp\u00e9rio Romano e meados do s\u00e9culo XV. As datas precisas do in\u00edcio, culmina\u00e7\u00e3o e final da Idade M\u00e9dia s\u00e3o mais ou menos arbitrariamente assumidas de acordo com o ponto de vista adotado. O per\u00edodo \u00e9 usualmente considerado como aberto com &hellip; <\/p>\n<p class=\"link-more\"><a href=\"https:\/\/enciclopediacatolica.com.br\/?p=257\" class=\"more-link\">Read the full post &rarr;<span class=\"screen-reader-text\">&#8220;Idade M\u00e9dia&#8221;<\/span><\/a><\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":1,"featured_media":0,"comment_status":"open","ping_status":"open","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"om_disable_all_campaigns":false,"_monsterinsights_skip_tracking":false,"_monsterinsights_sitenote_active":false,"_monsterinsights_sitenote_note":"","_monsterinsights_sitenote_category":0,"_jetpack_memberships_contains_paid_content":false,"footnotes":""},"categories":[12],"tags":[],"class_list":["post-257","post","type-post","status-publish","format-standard","hentry","category-i"],"jetpack_featured_media_url":"","jetpack_sharing_enabled":true,"_links":{"self":[{"href":"https:\/\/enciclopediacatolica.com.br\/index.php?rest_route=\/wp\/v2\/posts\/257","targetHints":{"allow":["GET"]}}],"collection":[{"href":"https:\/\/enciclopediacatolica.com.br\/index.php?rest_route=\/wp\/v2\/posts"}],"about":[{"href":"https:\/\/enciclopediacatolica.com.br\/index.php?rest_route=\/wp\/v2\/types\/post"}],"author":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/enciclopediacatolica.com.br\/index.php?rest_route=\/wp\/v2\/users\/1"}],"replies":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/enciclopediacatolica.com.br\/index.php?rest_route=%2Fwp%2Fv2%2Fcomments&post=257"}],"version-history":[{"count":1,"href":"https:\/\/enciclopediacatolica.com.br\/index.php?rest_route=\/wp\/v2\/posts\/257\/revisions"}],"predecessor-version":[{"id":258,"href":"https:\/\/enciclopediacatolica.com.br\/index.php?rest_route=\/wp\/v2\/posts\/257\/revisions\/258"}],"wp:attachment":[{"href":"https:\/\/enciclopediacatolica.com.br\/index.php?rest_route=%2Fwp%2Fv2%2Fmedia&parent=257"}],"wp:term":[{"taxonomy":"category","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/enciclopediacatolica.com.br\/index.php?rest_route=%2Fwp%2Fv2%2Fcategories&post=257"},{"taxonomy":"post_tag","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/enciclopediacatolica.com.br\/index.php?rest_route=%2Fwp%2Fv2%2Ftags&post=257"}],"curies":[{"name":"wp","href":"https:\/\/api.w.org\/{rel}","templated":true}]}}